What is Neuro-Cognitive Impairment?

Neuro-cognitive impairment refers to difficulties with thinking and cognitive functioning that affect a person's ability to process information, remember, communicate, plan, organise and carry out daily activities.

​Cognitive skills allow us to:
  • Remember information
  • Focus attention
  • Learn new skills
  • Solve problems
  • Make decisions
  • Communicate effectively
  • Plan and organise activities
  • Manage everyday tasks safely
When these abilities are affected, individuals may experience challenges at home, in the community, at work or within social situations.
Common Signs of Neuro-Cognitive Impairment

Neuro-cognitive impairment can affect people differently depending on the underlying condition and areas of the brain involved.
​Common signs may include:
  • Memory loss and forgetfulness
  • Difficulty concentrating or maintaining attention
  • Reduced problem-solving abilities
  • Challenges with planning and organisation
  • Difficulty learning new information
  • Reduced judgement and decision-making skills
  • Word-finding difficulties
  • Changes in communication abilities
  • Increased confusion in unfamiliar situations
  • Visual-spatial difficulties
  • Reduced safety awareness
  • Difficulties managing finances or appointments
  • Challenges completing everyday tasks
  • Mood or behavioural changes
  • Sleep disturbances
Some individuals experience only mild changes, while others may require increasing levels of support over time.
Understanding Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia and Memory Changes

Many people worry about occasional forgetfulness as they age. While some changes in memory can occur as part of normal ageing, significant changes in thinking, communication or daily functioning may warrant further assessment.

Normal Ageing
Normal ageing may involve:
  • Occasionally forgetting names
  • Taking longer to learn new information
  • Misplacing items from time to time
  • Slower processing speed
These changes generally do not significantly impact independence.

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
Mild Cognitive Impairment involves noticeable changes in memory or thinking abilities that are greater than expected for age but do not significantly interfere with daily independence.Individuals may experience:
  • Increased forgetfulness
  • Difficulty learning new information
  • Challenges with attention or concentration
  • Word-finding difficulties
Many people with MCI continue living independently and managing daily activities.

Dementia
​Dementia is an umbrella term describing conditions that affect memory, thinking, behaviour and everyday functioning.Symptoms may include:
  • Significant memory difficulties
  • Confusion about time or place
  • Difficulty managing daily tasks
  • Changes in communication
  • Reduced problem-solving abilities
  • Personality or behavioural changes
Early assessment can help individuals and families better understand their support needs and plan for the future.​
Conditions Associated with Neuro-Cognitive Impairment

Neuro-cognitive impairment may occur as a result of many different medical, neurological and mental health conditions.
These may include:

Stroke
Stroke can affect memory, attention, language, reasoning and executive functioning depending on the area of the brain involved.

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Brain injuries may affect memory, emotional regulation, communication, planning, judgement and independence.

Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease can affect movement, thinking, memory, communication and executive functioning.

Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease
Progressive neurological conditions may result in changes to memory, communication, behaviour and everyday functioning.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
MS may affect information processing, memory, attention and cognitive endurance.

Huntington's Disease
This neurological condition can affect cognition, communication, behaviour and motor skills.

Motor Neurone Disease (MND)
Some individuals with MND may experience changes in cognitive functioning, communication and executive skills.

Mental Health Conditions
Depression, anxiety and other mental health conditions can affect concentration, memory, decision-making and cognitive performance.

Medical Conditions
​Conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep disorders, chronic pain and medication side effects may also contribute to cognitive difficulties.
How Neuro-Cognitive Impairment Can Affect Daily Life

Cognitive changes often affect more than memory alone.
Individuals may experience difficulties with:

Managing Daily Tasks
  • Preparing meals
  • Managing medications
  • Paying bills
  • Shopping independently
  • Managing appointments

Communication
  • Finding the right words
  • Following conversations
  • Understanding complex information
  • Remembering details from discussions

Safety and Decision-Making
  • Hazard awareness
  • Driving safely
  • Financial decision-making
  • Managing risks at home

​Social Participation
  • Maintaining relationships
  • Participating in community activities
  • Confidence in social situations
These challenges can impact both the individual and their support network.
How Occupational Therapy Can Help

Occupational Therapists support people to maintain independence, safety and participation in meaningful activities.
​Support may include:
  • Cognitive assessments
  • Functional capacity assessments
  • Memory strategies
  • Daily routine development
  • Home safety recommendations
  • Falls prevention strategies
  • Assistive technology recommendations
  • Energy conservation techniques
  • Home modifications
  • Support with Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
Occupational Therapy focuses on practical strategies that help individuals continue participating in everyday life.
How Speech Pathology Can Help

Neuro-cognitive conditions can affect communication as well as memory and thinking skills.
​Speech Pathologists may support:
  • Cognitive communication difficulties
  • Memory strategies
  • Word-finding difficulties
  • Conversation skills
  • Attention and information processing
  • Social communication
  • Reading and writing skills
  • Swallowing and mealtime management where appropriate
Support is tailored to the individual's strengths, goals and communication needs.
Neuro-Cognitive Assessments

Assessment can help identify cognitive strengths, challenges and support needs.
​Depending on the individual's circumstances, assessment may include:
  • Cognitive screening tools
  • Functional assessments
  • Occupational Therapy assessments
  • Speech Pathology assessments
  • Communication assessments
  • Home and community assessments
  • Review of daily functioning and independence
Assessment findings can guide intervention planning, support recommendations and future care planning.
Strategies to Support Cognitive Functioning
While every individual's needs are different, some general strategies may help support cognitive functioning:

Maintain a Daily Routine
Predictable routines can reduce cognitive load and support independence.

Stay Physically Active
Regular movement and physical activity may support overall health and wellbeing.

Keep Socially Connected
Meaningful social interactions can support engagement and quality of life.

Use Memory Supports
Examples include:
  • Calendars
  • Diaries
  • Reminder apps
  • Visual schedules
  • Written notes

Engage in Cognitive Activities
Activities such as reading, puzzles, games, hobbies and learning new skills may help maintain cognitive engagement.

Prioritise Sleep
Quality sleep plays an important role in cognitive functioning and overall health.

Manage Health Conditions
​Regular medical reviews can help address factors that may contribute to cognitive changes.
When Should You Seek Professional Support?

It may be beneficial to seek assessment if you or a loved one experiences:
  • Persistent memory concerns
  • Difficulty managing daily tasks
  • Increased confusion
  • Changes in communication
  • Reduced problem-solving abilities
  • Safety concerns at home
  • Difficulties with planning and organisation
  • Changes that are impacting independence or quality of life
Early identification can help individuals and families access appropriate supports, strategies and services.
Neuro-Cognitive Support Across Western Australia

Belong Health provides Occupational Therapy and Speech Pathology services for individuals experiencing neuro-cognitive impairment across Perth, Mandurah, Rockingham, the Peel Region and regional Western Australia.

Services may be provided in the home, community, residential care settings or via telehealth depending on individual needs and goals.

​Our team works collaboratively with individuals, families, carers, support coordinators, medical professionals and other healthcare providers to support participation, independence and quality of life.

Have a question? or need more information

Our friendly team are happy to help call us on 08 9586 3934 or send us a message

    Contact Us
Frequently Asked Questions - Neuro-Cognitive Impairment

What is neuro-cognitive impairment?
Neuro-cognitive impairment refers to difficulties with thinking, memory, attention, reasoning, problem-solving, communication or executive functioning that result from changes affecting the brain or nervous system. These difficulties can range from mild to significant and may impact everyday activities, independence and participation in work, study or community life.

What are some neuro-cognitive disorders?
Neuro-cognitive disorders may include:
  • Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
  • Dementia
  • Alzheimer's disease
  • Vascular dementia
  • Parkinson's disease
  • Huntington's disease
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
  • Motor Neurone Disease (MND)
  • Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
  • Stroke-related cognitive impairment

What are the early signs of memory loss?
​Early signs may include:
  • Frequently forgetting appointments
  • Repeating questions
  • Misplacing items
  • Difficulty remembering recent events
  • Increased reliance on reminders
  • Challenges learning new information
Occasional forgetfulness is common, but persistent changes may warrant further assessment.

What are the first signs of neuro-cognitive impairment?
Early signs vary between individuals but may include:
  • Memory difficulties
  • Reduced attention and concentration
  • Difficulty finding words
  • Problems with planning or organisation
  • Changes in judgement
  • Difficulty completing familiar tasks
  • Increased confusion in unfamiliar situations

Is cognitive impairment the same as dementia?
No. Cognitive impairment is a broad term describing difficulties with memory, thinking, attention or reasoning. Dementia is one possible cause of cognitive impairment and generally involves progressive changes that significantly affect everyday functioning and independence.

What is the difference between Mild Cognitive Impairment and dementia?
People with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) often experience noticeable changes in memory or thinking but can generally maintain independence in everyday activities. Dementia typically involves more significant cognitive changes that affect a person's ability to manage daily tasks independently.

What is Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)?
Mild Cognitive Impairment is a condition where changes in memory or thinking abilities are noticeable but do not significantly interfere with daily independence. Some people remain stable for many years, while others may experience progression of symptoms over time.

How serious is Mild Cognitive Impairment?
The impact varies between individuals. Some people experience mild and stable changes, while others may experience gradual progression. Assessment and ongoing monitoring can help identify support needs and changes over time.

Can a person with Mild Cognitive Impairment live independently?
Many people with Mild Cognitive Impairment continue living independently and participating in everyday activities. Individual support needs vary and may change over time depending on their circumstances.

Can you still drive with Mild Cognitive Impairment?
Driving ability depends on an individual's cognitive abilities, reaction time, judgement, insight and overall safety. Medical practitioners may recommend further assessment if concerns arise regarding driving safety.

What difficulties might someone with Mild Cognitive Impairment experience?
Challenges may include:
  • Remembering appointments
  • Learning new information
  • Managing finances
  • Organising daily activities
  • Following complex instructions
  • Problem-solving tasks

What is the difference between normal ageing and cognitive impairment?
Some mild changes in memory and processing speed can occur as part of normal ageing. Cognitive impairment typically involves more noticeable changes that affect daily activities, independence, communication or participation in everyday life.

Can stress and anxiety cause cognitive problems?
Stress, anxiety, depression, poor sleep and some medical conditions can affect memory, concentration and thinking skills. Professional assessment can help identify contributing factors and determine whether further investigation is recommended.

Can cognitive impairment occur after a stroke?
Yes. Some individuals experience changes in memory, attention, problem-solving, communication, executive functioning or emotional regulation following a stroke. The impact varies depending on the location and severity of the stroke.

Can cognitive impairment occur after a brain injury?
Yes. Traumatic brain injuries and acquired brain injuries may affect memory, attention, reasoning, communication, emotional regulation and everyday functioning. Rehabilitation and support can help individuals maximise independence and participation.

What illnesses can cause cognitive impairment?
Cognitive impairment may occur as a result of:
  • Dementia
  • Stroke
  • Parkinson's disease
  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Traumatic Brain Injury
  • Brain tumours
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Sleep disorders
  • Other medical or neurological conditions

What are red flags for cognitive decline?
Signs that may warrant medical review include:
  • Rapid changes in memory
  • Significant confusion
  • Getting lost in familiar places
  • Difficulty managing daily activities
  • Safety concerns
  • Sudden changes in communication abilities

What are red flag neurological symptoms?
Urgent medical review may be required for symptoms such as:
  • Sudden weakness
  • Facial drooping
  • Slurred speech
  • Sudden confusion
  • Vision changes
  • Loss of coordination
  • Seizures
Anyone experiencing sudden neurological symptoms should seek immediate medical attention.

How is cognitive impairment assessed?
Assessment may involve:
  • Medical history review
  • Cognitive screening tools
  • Functional assessments
  • Occupational Therapy assessments
  • Speech Pathology assessments
  • Neurological investigations
  • Input from family members or carers

What cognitive assessments are commonly used?
Healthcare professionals may use tools such as:
  • Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)
  • Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)
  • Standardised memory assessments
  • Executive functioning assessments
  • Functional capacity assessments
The most appropriate assessment depends on the individual's presentation and support needs.

How can Occupational Therapy help someone with cognitive impairment?
Occupational Therapists may assist with:
  • Memory strategies
  • Home safety recommendations
  • Daily routine development
  • Falls prevention
  • Assistive technology
  • Energy conservation
  • Maintaining independence with everyday activities

How can Speech Pathology help someone with cognitive impairment?
Speech Pathologists can support:
  • Memory strategies
  • Communication difficulties
  • Word-finding difficulties
  • Cognitive communication skills
  • Social communication
  • Swallowing and mealtime management where appropriate

How do you support someone with cognitive impairment?
Helpful strategies may include:
  • Maintaining routines
  • Using visual reminders
  • Simplifying instructions
  • Encouraging social participation
  • Supporting independence where possible
  • Creating a safe environment
  • Seeking professional support when needed

Can cognitive impairment improve?
Some causes of cognitive impairment may improve with treatment, rehabilitation or support. Other conditions may be progressive. Outcomes vary depending on the underlying cause and individual circumstances.

What lifestyle factors may support brain health?
Research suggests that factors supporting overall brain health may include:
  • Regular physical activity
  • Social engagement
  • Cognitive stimulation
  • Good sleep habits
  • Managing medical conditions
  • Balanced nutrition
  • Ongoing healthcare review

When should I seek professional support?
It may be beneficial to seek assessment if you or a loved one experiences:
  • Persistent memory concerns
  • Difficulty managing daily tasks
  • Changes in communication
  • Reduced problem-solving abilities
  • Increased confusion
  • Safety concerns at home or in the community

Is support available through the NDIS or aged care services?
Some individuals may be eligible for support through the NDIS, Home Care Packages, Commonwealth Home Support Programme (CHSP), Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA) programs or other funding pathways depending on their circumstances and eligibility requirements.

Does Belong Health provide neuro-cognitive assessments and support?
Yes. Belong Health's Occupational Therapists and Speech Pathologists support individuals experiencing cognitive, communication and functional challenges associated with neurological conditions, acquired brain injuries, ageing and neuro-cognitive impairment across Perth, Mandurah, Rockingham, the Peel Region and wider Western Australia.
Related Resources

Occupational Therapy Supports
Speech Pathology Supports
Neurological & Ageing Supports
Additional Supports
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Accessing our Perth services

​Referrals to Belong Health
We are Medicare and Private Health fund registered for Occupational Therapy and Speech Pathology.

EPC/Team care arrangements/Chronic disease (CDM) or GP management plans and self-referrals are all acceptable.

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Let's Work Together

Medicare
You can get a referral from your/your child’s GP for OT on a Chronic Disease Management (CDM) plan this gives you 5 sessions for OT per calendar year with a $53 rebate available on each session or a Helping Children with Autism/PDD/ or an eligible disability package (20 sessions between allied health professionals, as set up by a Paediatrician/Psychiatrist) which gives your child under 16 years a $75 rebate per session for the 20 sessions, you can use up to 10 sessions per Health Professional (up to 10 for OT) and you will need a separate referral letter from your child’s Paediatrician for each Allied Health Professional you are seeking services from. 
Private Health
Your Private Health fund may cover up to 75% of the cost of OT sessions if this is included in your cover, be sure to call them or check your policy for details.

No referral or self referral
You do not require a referral for accessing OT
NDIS Registered Provider
We are an NDIS Registered Provider
Whether you or your child have NDIS funding that is NDIS Managed, Third Party Plan Managed or you are Self-Managing your funds, you are able to use your funding to cover the full cost of therapy services plus travel costs. You will need provide us with your/your child’s NDIS number and plan details ahead of your first session. Once you have booked a session or contacted us, our team will be in touch to discuss our service agreement and provide you with our services price list. 
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